Nolte’s Essentials of the Human Brain 2nd Edition

Nolte’s Essentials of the Human Brain 2nd Edition:

1 Introduction to the Nervous System
The Nervous System Has Central and Peripheral Parts
The Principal Cellular Elements of the Nervous System Are Neurons and Glial Cells
Study Questions
2 Development of the Nervous System
The Neural Tube and Neural Crest Give Rise to the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
Adverse Events During Development Can Cause Congenital Malformations of the Nervous System
Study Questions
3 Gross Anatomy and General Organization of the Central Nervous System
The Long Axis of the CNS Bends at the Cephalic Flexure
Hemisecting a Brain Reveals Parts of the Diencephalon, Brainstem, and Ventricular System
Named Sulci and Gyri Cover the Cerebral Surface
The Diencephalon Includes the Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Most Cranial Nerves Are Attached to the Brainstem
The Cerebellum Includes a Vermis and Two Hemispheres
Sections of the Cerebrum Reveal the Basal Ganglia and Limbic Structures
Parts of the Nervous System Are Interconnected in Systematic Ways
Study Questions
4 Meningeal Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord
There Are Three Meningeal Layers: The Dura Mater, Arachnoid, and Pia Mater
The Dura Mater Provides Mechanical Strength
The Dura Mater Has an Arachnoid Lining
Pia Mater Covers the Surface of the CNS
The Vertebral Canal Contains Spinal Epidural Space
Bleeding Can Open Up Potential Meningeal Spaces
Parts of the CNS Can Herniate From One Intracranial Compartment Into Another
Study Questions
5 Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
The Brain Contains Four Ventricles
Choroid Plexus Is the Source of Most CSF
Imaging Techniques Allow Both CNS and CSF to Be Visualized
Disruption of CSF Circulation Can Cause Hydrocephalus
Study Questions
6 Blood Supply of the Brain
The Internal Carotid Arteries and Vertebral Arteries Supply the Brain
A System of Barriers Partially Separates the Nervous System From the Rest of the Body
Superficial and Deep Veins Drain the Brain
Study Questions
7 Electrical Signaling by Neurons
A Lipid/Protein Membrane Separates Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids
Inputs to Neurons Cause Slow, Local Potential Changes
Action Potentials Convey Information Over Long Distances
Action Potentials Can Be Altered by Medications
Study Questions
8 Synaptic Transmission Between Neurons
There Are Five Steps in Conventional Chemical Synaptic Transmission
Synaptic Transmission Can Be Rapid and Point-to-Point, or Slow and Often Diffuse
Synaptic Strength Can Be Facilitated or Depressed
Medications and Toxins Can Have an Influence on the Amount of Neurotransmitter Released
Most Neurotransmitters Are Small Amine Molecules, Amino Acids, or Neuropeptides
Gap Junctions Mediate Direct Current Flow From One Neuron to Another
Study Questions
9 Sensory Receptors and the Peripheral Nervous System
Receptors Encode the Nature, Location, Intensity, and Duration of Stimuli
Somatosensory Receptors Detect Mechanical, Chemical, or Thermal Changes
Peripheral Nerves Convey Information to and From the CNS
Study Questions
10 Spinal Cord
The Spinal Cord Is Segmented
All Levels of the Spinal Cord Have a Similar Cross-Sectional Structure
The Spinal Cord Is Involved in Sensory Processing, Motor Outflow, and Reflexes
Spinal Gray Matter Is Regionally Specialized
Reflex Circuitry Is Built Into the Spinal Cord
Ascending and Descending Pathways Have Defined Locations in the Spinal White Matter
The Autonomic Nervous System Monitors and Controls Visceral Activity
A Longitudinal Network of Arteries Supplies the Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord Damage Causes Predictable Deficits
Study Questions
11 Organization of the Brainstem
The Brainstem Has Conduit, Cranial Nerve, and Integrative Functions
The Medulla, Pons, and Midbrain Have Characteristic Gross Anatomical Features
The Internal Structure of the Brainstem Reflects Surface Features and the Position of Long Tracts
The Reticular Core of the Brainstem Is Involved in Multiple Functions
Some Brainstem Nuclei Have Distinctive Neurochemical Signatures
The Brainstem Is Supplied by the Vertebral-Basilar System
Study Questions
12 Cranial Nerves and Their Nuclei
Cranial Nerve Nuclei Have a Generally Predictable Arrangement
Cranial Nerves III, IV, VI, and XII Contain Somatic Motor Fibers
Branchiomeric Nerves Contain Axons From Multiple Categories
Brainstem Damage Commonly Causes Deficits on One Side of the Head and the Opposite Side of the Body
Study Questions
13 The Chemical Senses of Taste and Smell
The Perception of Flavor Involves Gustatory, Olfactory, Trigeminal, and Other Inputs
Taste Is Mediated by Receptors in Taste Buds, Innervated by Cranial Nerves VII, IX, and X
Olfaction Is Mediated by Receptors That Project Directly to the Telencephalon
Multiple Flavor-Related Signals Converge in Orbital Cortex
Study Questions
14 Hearing and Balance
Auditory and Vestibular Receptor Cells Are Located in the Walls of the Membranous Labyrinth
The Cochlear Division of the Eighth Nerve Conveys Information About Sound
The Vestibular Division of the Eighth Nerve Conveys Information About Linear and Angular Acceleration of the Head
Study Questions
15 Brainstem Summary
Caudal Medulla
Rostral Medulla
Caudal Pons
Rostral Pons
Caudal Midbrain
Rostral Midbrain
16 The Thalamus and Internal Capsule
The Diencephalon Includes the Epithalamus, Subthalamus, Hypothalamus, and Thalamus
The Thalamus Is the Gateway to the Cerebral Cortex
Interconnections Between the Cerebral Cortex and Subcortical Structures Travel Through the Internal Capsule
Study Questions
17 The Visual System
The Eye Has Three Concentric Tissue Layers and a Lens
The Retina Contains Five Major Neuronal Cell Types
Retinal Neurons Translate Patterns of Light Into Patterns of Contrast
Half of the Visual Field of Each Eye Is Mapped Systematically in the Contralateral Cerebral Hemisphere
Primary Visual Cortex Sorts Visual Information and Distributes It to Other Cortical Areas
Early Experience Has Permanent Effects on the Visual System
Reflex Circuits Adjust the Size of the Pupil and the Focal Length of the Lens
Study Questions
18 Overview of Motor Systems
Each Lower Motor Neuron Innervates a Group of Muscle Fibers, Forming a Motor Unit
Motor Control Systems Involve Both Hierarchical and Parallel Connections
The Corticospinal Tract Has Multiple Origins and Terminations
Study Questions
19 Basal Ganglia
The Basal Ganglia Include Five Major Nuclei
Basal Ganglia Circuitry Involves Multiple Parallel Loops That Modulate Cortical Output
Interconnections of the Basal Ganglia Determine the Pattern of Their Outputs
Perforating Branches From the Circle of Willis Supply the Basal Ganglia
Many Basal Ganglia Disorders Result in Abnormalities of Movement
Study Questions
20 Cerebellum
The Cerebellum Can Be Divided Into Transverse and Longitudinal Zones
All Parts of the Cerebellum Share Common Organizational Principles
Cerebellar Cortex Receives Inputs From Multiple Sources
Each Longitudinal Zone Has a Distinctive Output
Patterns of Connections Indicate the Functions of Longitudinal Zones
Clinical Syndromes Correspond to Functional Zones
Study Questions
21 Control of Eye Movements
Six Extraocular Muscles Move the Eye in the Orbit
There Are Fast and Slow Conjugate Eye Movements
Changes in Object Distance Require Vergence Movements
The Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum Participate in Eye Movement Control
Study Questions
22 Cerebral Cortex
Most Cerebral Cortex Is Neocortex
Neocortical Areas Are Specialized for Different Functions
The Corpus Callosum Unites the Two Cerebral Hemispheres
Consciousness and Sleep Are Active Processes
Study Questions
23 Drives and Emotions
The Hypothalamus Coordinates Drive-Related Behaviors
Limbic Structures Are Interposed Between the Hypothalamus and Neocortex
Study Questions
24 Formation, Modification, and Repair of Neuronal Connections
Both Neurons and Connections Are Produced in Excess During Development
Synaptic Connections Are Adjusted Throughout Life
PNS Repair Is More Effective Than CNS Repair
Study Questions
Appendix 1 Comprehensive Quiz
Appendix 2 Answers
Appendix 3 Blank Drawings
Index

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